{"id":2885,"date":"2011-06-09T04:31:27","date_gmt":"2011-06-09T02:31:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.oplzni.eu\/?p=2885"},"modified":"2012-01-15T00:11:20","modified_gmt":"2012-01-14T23:11:20","slug":"stredoveky-zidovsky-hrbitov-v-plzni","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/oplzni.zahn.cz\/?p=2885","title":{"rendered":"St\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fd \u017eidovsk\u00fd h\u0159bitov v Plzni"},"content":{"rendered":"

O p\u0159esn\u00e9 poloze st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9ho \u017eidovsk\u00e9ho h\u0159bitova v Plzni panovaly a nutno p\u0159ipustit, \u017ee st\u00e1le panuj\u00ed, ur\u010dit\u00e9 nejasnosti. Nesporn\u00e9 je, \u017ee se toto poh\u0159ebi\u0161t\u011b nach\u00e1zelo z\u00e1padn\u011b od tehdej\u0161\u00edho centra m\u011bsta na tzv. Skvr\u0148ask\u00e9m p\u0159edm\u011bst\u00ed. Z p\u00edsemn\u00fdch pramen\u016f lze jeho existenci s jistotou datovat na po\u010d\u00e1tek 15. stolet\u00ed, kdy tehdej\u0161\u00ed \u017eidovsk\u00e1 komunita \u017e\u00e1d\u00e1 25. ledna 1424 o zakoupen\u00ed pozemk\u016f v t\u00e9to lokalit\u011b pro pochov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed mrtv\u00fdch. K prodeji doch\u00e1z\u00ed 6. ledna 1432 za 12 kop pra\u017esk\u00fdch gro\u0161\u016f. ((Josef Strnad, Nejstar\u0161\u00ed m\u00edstopis Plzn\u011b do v\u00e1lek husitsk\u00fdch, Sborn\u00edk m\u011bstsk\u00e9ho historick\u00e9ho musea v Plzni 1, 1909, str. 82)). ((toto datum je v\u0161ak p zpochyb\u0148ov\u00e1no z\u00e1pisem v m\u011bstsk\u00e9 soudn\u00ed knize, kde je n\u00e1kup datov\u00e1n 19. ledna 1433; viz M.Waskov\u00e1, R. \u0160irok\u00fd, N\u00e1stin topografie historick\u00e9ho skvr\u0148ansk\u00e9ho p\u0159edm\u011bst\u00ed v Plzni a ot\u00e1zka polohy nejstar\u0161\u00edho \u017eidovsk\u00e9ho h\u0159bitova, in: Nardi aristae, Sborn\u00edk k sedemdes\u00e1t\u00fdm narozenin\u00e1m Ivana Martinovsk\u00e9ho, str. 98, pozn. 36 )). P\u0159edm\u011btn\u00fd p\u00faozemek lze bl\u00ed\u017ee ur\u010dit ze zn\u011bn\u00ed smlouvy, kter\u00e1 doslova uv\u00e1d\u00ed (p\u0159elo\u017eeno z latiny): „m\u011bsti\u0161t\u011b n\u011bkdy Mat\u011bje Kolona, le\u017e\u00edc\u00ed na p\u0159edm\u011bst\u00ed vedle dvorce Mikul\u00e1\u0161e Hynkovic z jedn\u00e9 strany a Mik\u0161e Kozy z druh\u00e9 strany kupujeme pro na\u0161e poh\u0159b\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed ((M.Waskov\u00e1, R. \u0160irok\u00fd, N\u00e1stin topografie historick\u00e9ho skvr\u0148ansk\u00e9ho p\u0159edm\u011bst\u00ed v Plzni a ot\u00e1zka polohy nejstar\u0161\u00edho \u017eidovsk\u00e9ho h\u0159bitova, in: Nardi aristae, Sborn\u00edk k sedemdes\u00e1t\u00fdm narozenin\u00e1m Ivana Martinovsk\u00e9ho, str. 98 a pozn. 41 )). Prostor h\u0159bitova se tedy nach\u00e1zel zhruba v prostoru \u010dp. 57 na dne\u0161n\u00edm Palack\u00e9ho n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed. Prodej dal\u0161\u00edch pozemk\u016f se uskuten\u010dil v letech 1433, 1437 a 1455.
\nBli\u017e\u0161\u00ed d\u016fkazy o um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed tohoto h\u0159bitova chyb\u00ed a tak lze jen dovozovat, \u017ee se patrn\u011b mohlo jednat o pozemky hospod\u00e1\u0159sky h\u016f\u0159e vyu\u017eiteln\u00e9 p\u0159i okraji zde tehdy mendruj\u00edc\u00ed \u0159eky M\u017ee. Stejn\u011b nejasn\u00e1, jako um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed, je i doba vzniku a z\u00e1niku tohoto poh\u0159ebi\u0161t\u011b, nebo\u0165 p\u0159epokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee k poh\u0159b\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed v t\u00e9to lokalit\u011b doch\u00e1zelo ji\u017e p\u0159ed uveden\u00fdmi daty. Nejasn\u00fd je rovn\u011b\u017e z\u00e1nik tohoto h\u0159bitova, kter\u00fd lze bezpochyby spojovat se z\u00e1nikem zdej\u0161\u00ed \u017eidovsk\u00e9 komunity. Minim\u00e1ln\u011b \u010d\u00e1st t\u011bchto pozemk\u016f je roku 1471 postoupena Janu Panu\u0161kovi ((M.Waskov\u00e1, R. \u0160irok\u00fd, N\u00e1stin topografie historick\u00e9ho skvr\u0148ansk\u00e9ho p\u0159edm\u011bst\u00ed v Plzni a ot\u00e1zka polohy nejstar\u0161\u00edho \u017eidovsk\u00e9ho h\u0159bitova, in: Nardi aristae, Sborn\u00edk k sedemdes\u00e1t\u00fdm narozenin\u00e1m Ivana Martinovsk\u00e9ho, str. 91-118)). Definitivn\u00ed z\u00e1nik \u017eidovsk\u00e9ho h\u0159bitova je spojov\u00e1n s vyho\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm \u017did\u016f z Plzn\u011b „na v\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 \u010dasy“, k \u010demu\u017e Plze\u0148 obdr\u017eela privilegium roku 1504 (dle J.Strnada n\u011bkdy chybn\u011b datov\u00e1no do roku 1494). V tuto dobu je plze\u0148sk \u00e1\u017eidovk\u00e1 obec druhou nejpo\u010detn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed po Praze. K faktick\u00e9mu u\u017eit\u00ed tohoto privilegia a odchodu \u017did\u016f z Plzn\u011b doch\u00e1z\u00ed a\u017e pozd\u011bji v roce 1533, kdy zanik\u00e1 i synagoga ((Jaroslav Schiebl, \u017did\u00e9 v Plzni od zalo\u017een\u00ed m\u011bsta a\u017e do roku 1820)). Posledn\u00ed \u017eidovsk\u00fd d\u016fm byl prod\u00e1n roku 1452.\u00a0 Na m\u00edst\u011b \u017eidovsk\u00e9ho h\u0159bitova vznik\u00e1 mezi lety 14741 a 1592 hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd dv\u016fr zvan\u00fd \u017didovka.<\/p>\n

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Skvr\u0148ansk\u00e9 p\u0159edm\u011bst\u00ed<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Skute\u010dn\u00e9 um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed tohoto h\u0159bitova v prostoru ulic Pob\u0159e\u017en\u00ed, J\u00edzdeck\u00e1 a P\u0159emyslova pomohl poodhalit a\u017e Z\u00e1chrann\u00fd archeologick\u00fd pr\u016fzkum realizovan\u00fd v letech 2006-2007 Z\u00e1pado\u010desk\u00fdm muzeem v Plzni v souvislosti se stavbou parkovac\u00edho domu nov\u011b budovan\u00e9ho centra Plaza. V r\u00e1mci tohoto v\u00fdzkumu bylo odkryto v severov\u00fdchodn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti zkouman\u00e9 lokality 19 hrov\u00fdch jam v \u0161t\u011brkop\u00edskov\u00e9m podlo\u017e\u00ed. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 prov\u00e9st antropologick\u00fd rozbor kostern\u00e1ch n\u00e1lez\u016f, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e byly identifikov\u00e1ny poz\u016fstatky d\u011bt\u00ed ve v\u011bku do 6 let. Vzhledem ke skute\u010dnosti, \u017ee v dal\u0161\u00edch \u010d\u00e1stech zkouman\u00e9 lokality ji\u017e nebyly\u00a0 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 n\u00e1lezy sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed k existenci poh\u0159ebi\u0161t\u011b a rovn\u011b\u017e ke skute\u010dnosti, \u017ee st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdm zvykem bylo poh\u0159v\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011bt\u00ed na okraji poh\u0159ebi\u0161\u0165, je dovozov\u00e1no, \u017ee vlastn\u00ed h\u0159bitov se nach\u00e1zel severn\u011b od t\u00e9to lokality bl\u00ed\u017ee k meandr\u016fm \u0159eky M\u017ee. Tuto hypot\u00e9zu podporuj\u00ed i \u00fadajn\u00e9 d\u00e1le nedokumentovan\u00e9 kostern\u00ed n\u00e1lezy z 80. let p\u0159i roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed J\u00edzdeck\u00e9 ulice. Tato hypot\u00e9za je v\u0161ak naopak zpochyb\u0148ov\u00e1na skute\u010dnst\u00ed, \u017ee ve zkouman\u00e9 oblasti nebyl proveden plo\u0161n\u00fd odkryv, n\u00fdbr\u017e pouh\u00e9 sondy. P\u0159\u00edtomnost poh\u0159ebi\u0161t\u011b v cel\u00e9 lokalit\u011b, v n\u00ed\u017e p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9 kostern\u00ed n\u00e1lezy byly zna\u010dn\u011b degradov\u00e1ny pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159skou \u010dinnost\u00ed a p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm nav\u00e1\u017ekou agresivn\u00edho popela, tedy nelze spolehliv\u011b vylou\u010dit.<\/p>\n

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Celkov\u00fd pl\u00e1n z\u00e1chrann\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Pou\u017eit\u00e1 literatura:<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  • Orna Ji\u0159\u00ed, N\u011bkolik pozn\u00e1mek k ot\u00e1zce polohy st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9ho \u017eidovsk\u00e9ho h\u0159bitova v Plzni, in: Minulost\u00ed Z\u00e1pado\u010desk\u00e9ho Kraje XLIV, str. 373-379<\/li>\n
  • \u0160irok\u00fd Radek,Waskov\u00e1 Marie, Pozn\u00e1mkas k archeologick\u00e9mu v\u00fdzkumu st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9ho \u017eidovsk\u00e9ho h\u0159bitva v Plzni, in: Minulost\u00ed Z\u00e1pado\u010desk\u00e9ho Kraje XLIV, str. 380-383<\/li>\n
  • Obr\u00e1zek: Minulost\u00ed Z\u00e1pado\u010desk\u00e9ho Kraje XLIV, str. 378<\/li>\n
  • Pl\u00e1nek: Radek \u0160irok\u00fd, Martin strejc, Interpreta\u010dn\u00ed pl\u00e1nek lokalizace st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9ho \u017eidovsks\u00e9ho h\u0159bitova<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    O p\u0159esn\u00e9 poloze st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9ho \u017eidovsk\u00e9ho h\u0159bitova v Plzni panovaly a nutno p\u0159ipustit, \u017ee st\u00e1le panuj\u00ed, ur\u010dit\u00e9 nejasnosti. Nesporn\u00e9 je, \u017ee se toto poh\u0159ebi\u0161t\u011b nach\u00e1zelo z\u00e1padn\u011b od tehdej\u0161\u00edho centra m\u011bsta na tzv. Skvr\u0148ask\u00e9m p\u0159edm\u011bst\u00ed. Z p\u00edsemn\u00fdch pramen\u016f lze jeho existenci s jistotou datovat na po\u010d\u00e1tek 15. stolet\u00ed, kdy tehdej\u0161\u00ed \u017eidovsk\u00e1 komunita \u017e\u00e1d\u00e1 25. ledna 1424 o […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[94],"tags":[178],"class_list":["post-2885","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-zidovske-hrbitovy","tag-zidovske-pamatky"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/oplzni.zahn.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2885","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/oplzni.zahn.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/oplzni.zahn.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oplzni.zahn.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oplzni.zahn.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2885"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/oplzni.zahn.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2885\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/oplzni.zahn.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2885"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oplzni.zahn.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2885"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oplzni.zahn.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2885"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}